Hidrogeles para fantomas de tejido blando: De los métodos sol-gel a las fronteras híbridas en impresión 3D y electrohilado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37636/recit.v9n3e470Palabras clave:
Impresión 3D, Hidrogeles, Fantomas Tiselulares, sol-gel, Electrohilado, Ingeniería de tejidos, Materiales BiomímeticosResumen
Los avances recientes en la preparación de hidrogeles han impulsado el diseño de fantomas biomédicos capaces de simular tejidos blandos y facilitar el estudio de propiedades biológicas, en particular la densidad aparente y efectiva. Estos avances permiten la calibración de equipos de imagenología, la validación de dispositivos médicos y el entrenamiento de personal clínico. La presente revisión bibliográfica de alcance, basada en el análisis sistemático de la literatura publicada entre 2020 y 2026 en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y Google Scholar, identifica y compara tres métodos de fabricación de fantomas ampliamente utilizados por su versatilidad operacional: métodos químicos de reticulación basados en procesos sol-gel, técnicas de impresión 3D y procesos de electrohilado. Cada método presenta ventajas específicas. Los métodos químicos destacan por su sencillez y estabilidad; la impresión 3D aporta control geométrico y reproducibilidad, posibilitando la creación de arquitecturas complejas que influyen directamente en la densidad volumétrica; mientras que el electrohilado permite crear micro y nanoestructuras fibrosas que imitan la matriz extracelular y ofrece un control preciso de la densidad a través del diámetro, la orientación y la fracción de vacíos entre las fibras. La evidencia disponible indica que la convergencia de los métodos de impresión 3D y electrohilado en enfoques híbridos representa una frontera tecnológica prometedora para superar las limitaciones individuales de cada técnica, lo que permite la fabricación de fantomas con fidelidad anatómica a escala macroscópica y mimetismo estructural a escala nanométrica. Los hidrogeles constituyen uno de los materiales más ampliamente utilizados en la fabricación de fantomas debido a su reproducibilidad, su simplicidad y su capacidad de incorporar partículas que mejoran la simulación de tejidos biológicos. Polímeros naturales como el quitosano, el alginato y el alcohol polivinílico permiten ajustar la densidad mediante la concentración polimérica, el grado de reticulación y la incorporación de agentes de relleno. La medición de la densidad en los hidrogeles es esencial para evaluar su interacción con fluidos biológicos y optimizar su rendimiento en aplicaciones como la terapia celular. Se examinan los materiales empleados, las propiedades ajustables, los métodos de caracterización y las aplicaciones clínicas de estos sistemas. Técnicas no invasivas, como la bioimpedancia eléctrica, la tomografía por ultrasonido y el ultrasonido inducido por láser, emplean hidrogeles para calibrar densidades tisulares, lo que mejora la calidad de las imágenes y amplía sus aplicaciones clínicas. En conjunto, estos avances consolidan a los hidrogeles como herramientas clave para el desarrollo de fantomas biomédicos más realistas y para su futura aplicación clínica. Como principal contribución, el trabajo propone un marco comparativo que orienta la selección de la tecnología según la aplicación biomédica, destacando la convergencia de la impresión 3D y el electrohilado como un enfoque híbrido prometedor. Adicionalmente, se identifican los principales desafíos en materia de estandarización, resolución multiescala y multifuncionalidad, y se delinean las perspectivas futuras en el desarrollo de materiales inteligentes y estrategias de fabricación híbrida.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Eduardo Martínez-Ramírez, David Gasca-Figueroa, Abisaí Jaime Reséndiz-Barrón, Rosa María Quispe-Siccha, Gerardo Gutiérrez-Juárez, Francisco Javier García-Rodríguez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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