Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT). Volumen 3 (1): 10-22
Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT). Universidad Autónoma de Baja California ISSN 2594-1925
Volumen 6 (4): e265. Octubre-Diciembre, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37636/recit.v6n4e265
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Review
Sustainable practices for the efficient use of green energy
in Ciudad Juárez SMEs
Prácticas sostenibles para el uso eficiente de energía verde en
PyMEs de Ciudad Juárez
Georgina Elizabeth Riosvelasco-Monroy , Alicia Rojas-Ramírez , Salvador Noriiega-Morales
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. Plutarco Elías Calles #1210 Fovissste Chamizal Ciudad
Juárez, Chihuahua, México
Corresponding autor: Georgina Elizabeth Riosvelasco Monroy, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad
Juárez, Av. Plutarco Elías Calles #1210 Fovissste Chamizal Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. E-mail:
georgina.riosvelasco@uacj.mx. ORCID: 0000-0001-9833-7194.
Abstract. - Carbon emissions have been increasing due to economic growth and development. Fossil-
based energy is one of the main factors of environmental pollution. In Mexico, 77.24% of fossil-based
energy is from stationary source combustion, 15.7% from industry processes and commercial activities,
6.64% from mobile sources, and 0.05% from agriculture and livestock activities. Specifically,
manufacturing operations use 33.4%, of the total consumption of electricity and natural gas. Because the
production of green energy is from naturally regenerating sources and does not emit greenhouse gases
or compounds, decreases the environmental impact, and because they are able to apply to manufacturing
operations, it is pertinent the efforts in this sense. The article presents the PRISMA 2020 as a methodology
for searching between distinct databases and current research with the objective of identifying variables
and their measurements so micro, small, and mid-size enterprises in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
can develop collaboration strategies towards a sustainable manufacturing environment. The literature
review resulted in the identification of six green energy indicators and their measurements.
Keywords: SMEs; Sustainable manufacturing; Energy efficiency.
Resumen. - Las emisiones de carbono han ido en aumento debido al crecimiento y desarrollo económico.
La energía de origen fósil es uno de los principales factores de contaminación ambiental. En México
77.24% de la energía de origen fósil proviene de la combustión de fuentes estacionarias, 15.7% de
procesos industriales y actividades comerciales, 6.64% por fuentes móviles y 0.05% actividades
agropecuarias. En concreto, las operaciones manufactureras utilizan el 33,4%, del consumo total de
electricidad y gas natural. Debido a que la producción de energía verde es a partir de fuentes que se
regeneran naturalmente y no emiten gases o compuestos de efecto invernadero, disminuye el impacto
ambiental, y porque son capaces de aplicarse a las operaciones de fabricación, es pertinente los esfuerzos
en este sentido. El artículo presenta el PRISMA 2020 como metodología de búsqueda entre distintas bases
de datos e investigaciones actuales con el objetivo de identificar variables y sus mediciones para que las
micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México puedan desarrollar
estrategias de colaboración hacia un entorno de manufactura sustentable. La revisión bibliográfica dio
como resultado la identificación de seis indicadores de energía verde y sus mediciones.
Palabras clave: PyMEs; Manufactura sostenible; Eficiencia energética.
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1. Introduction
Globally, fossil-fuel usage represents an 80% of
the energy, being carbon dioxide (CO2)
responsible for the 60-75% of the total emissions
[1, 2].
By 2020, the first five countries with higher
energy production are China, United States of
America, Russia, Saudi Arabia and India with
19.75%, 15.26%, 10.10%, 4.30% and 4.01%,
respectively; while Mexico descended two places
setting in seventeenth place with a 1.05% of the
energy produced worldwide [3].
This usage is nowadays visible environmentally
and economically in climate change. Crude oil,
coal, natural gas, green energy and uranium
(nuclear energy) represent the primary energy
produced globally, with a 29.85%, 26.98%,
23.47%, 14.77% and 4.93%, respectively. From
this energy production, comes an energy
consumption.
Energy consumption is the amount of energy
used to conduct any kind of activity from
industrial, commercial or domestic sectors, even
though the energy intensity depends on the
countries’ energy infrastructure [4].
CO2 emissions have been increasing due to
economic growth and development, due to the
economy’s dependence on fossil fuel leading to
an intensified greenhouse effect.
Indistinctively from the kind of usage of fossil-
fuel energy, it must be used consciously and
efficiently because it is limited on sources [5], for
fossil-fuel combustion releases carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions causing environmental
degradation, unsustainable fossil resources use,
among other negative consequences for Earth
[6].
Energy efficiency and green energy usage are
gaining strength globally to promote sustainable
development and boost green economic growth.
As mentioned by [4], green energy in OECD
countries accounted for 10.5% of the total
energy, where 15.2% supplied by Europe, a 9.1%
from America, 5.5% by Oceania and Asia.
Technologies, practices and assessments in
industrial energy consumption have the goal to
implement improvements and motivate
sustainable development for enterprises to
incorporate green energy sources in energy
consumption within processes related to
production [7, 8].
From the EU strategy to implement energy policy
[9], China’s attempt to strengthen green energy
enterprises with tax incentives [10], countries are
adopting different practices focused on
environmental responsibility.
Even though, green energy consumption
contributes to environmental problems, its
adoption requires certain energy strategies and
investments depending on the enterprise’s needs.
Research has increased in regard of green energy
quantitative and qualitative perspectives, trying
to propose different aspects both negative and
positive towards a green energy development
[11, 12].
Yet, it lacks a systematic review identifying
green energy indicators and their measurements,
which guide SMEs towards strategic and
collaborative practices within a sustainable
manufacturing development.
In Mexico, green energy resources, infrastructure
and strategies are still limited in its development
and growth within economic sectors, having a
gap between Mexico’s involvement and other
OECD countries [13, 14].
Mexico’s green energy consumption represents a
9.74% of the total energy consumption versus
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European Union that represents 37.40% from
their total energy consumption [15, 16].
Research is limited, [17] in 2014 presents how
Mexico can generate green energy from natural
sources due to geographical position. More
specifically, in Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico,
a known industrial city at the north of the
Mexican Republic and border with El Paso,
Texas has a bilateral economic movement, that
incentivizes SMEs startups, new business models
and entrepreneurial environment. However,
green energy research applied in Juarez City is
scarce and limited.
From seminal research, that presents different
initiatives of green energy production projects
and their maturity level, by identifying the
entities interested in research and development
green energy projects [18].
To research where a structural equation model is
developed between Green Supply Chain
Management and four items within maquiladora
industry [13].
Research has yet lack a PRISMA 2020 method
within green energy context. Therefore, this
paper presents an application of PRISMA 2020
method for a systematic review of the literature
to obtain green energy sustainable indicators and
measurements [19, 20], where SMEs in Juarez
City can collaborate in sustainable
manufacturing actions towards a green energy
usage, thus, replacing fossil-fuel usage.
The rest of the article is as follows. Section 2
describes a background of Mexico’s green
energy sources and consumption within the
industry sector, and furthermore, Juarez City,
Chihuahua position as an industrial city to
promote green energy sustainable practices.
Section 3 describes a literature review in green
energy consumption, barriers and driving factors
analysis through the PRISMA methodology.
Section 4 presents the indicators and their
measurements, which were identified by the
PRISMA 2020 methodology. Section 5 describes
the conclusions and recommendations for further
research in green energy sources and sustainable
practices in the industry sector.
2. Background
2.1 Energy in Mexico
In Mexico, different types of fossil-fuels sources
produce energy; the highest of them all is natural
gas with a 49.11%, crude oil with a 36.30%,
followed by coal and uranium with a 3.06% and
a 1.61%, respectively; and green energy sources
generate in a 9.74% [3].
In Mexico, from 1990 to 2015, energy
consumption increased a 74.1% the origin of
which is petroleum and natural gas; by 2021, the
transport sector represents a 51.55% of the total
energy consumption, followed by the industry
sector with a 21.34%, residential and commercial
sector with a 17.42% and agribusiness with a
3.31% [3, 21], data presented in Table 1.
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Table 1. Sector consumption in Mexico [3].
Energy
Transport
Industry
Residential/Commercial
Agribusiness
51.55%
21.34%
17.42%
3.31%
Gas
Dry Gas
0.06%
32.65%
4.20%
Liquid
Fuel Oil
0.14%
1.26%
Diesel
25.70%
70.36%
Liquid Gas
2.17%
3.34%
31.91%
2.42%
Gasoline
66.93%
0.13%
Kerosene
0.01%
Solid
Coal
5.53%
Coal Coke
4.20%
Petroleum Coke
11.02%
Biomass
Bagasse
4.09%
Firewood
26.10%
Green
Solar
0.11%
Electric
0.20%
32.98%
27.21%
As Table 1 shows, fossil-fuel energy is the most
used in Mexico by the different sectors, and even
though Transport sector has the highest
percentage of energy usage, the Industry sector is
the one sector that uses a variety of types of fuels
for energy, and the only sector that uses green
energy as a source. From the production
perspective, Mexico has a potential geographical
location and climate conditions to produce green
energy, such as solar, wind, biomass,
hydropower and geothermal [17], sources that
can boost green energy consumption in
manufacturing processes within the industry
sector. Mexico’s enterprises can incorporate
green energy initiatives engaging in energy
efficiency programs and strategies to reach a
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions [8, 22,
23]. For enterprises to improve and enable
changes in manufacturing processes, a
framework of indicators and their measurement
should be presented in a way for businesses to
adopt sustainable practices.
2.2 Energy in Juarez City, Chihuahua
Juarez city, Chihuahua is located at the north of
Mexico in the border with Doña Ana, New
Mexico and El Paso, Texas, with a territorial
extension of 6,561.14 km2. The town’s
geographical coordinates are 31°47’ latitude
north; 31°07’ latitude south; 106°11 latitude east;
and, 106°57 latitude west [24]. Juarez City
geographical position, with an altitude of 1,137
meters above the sea offers a desert weather
condition, presenting high temperatures in
summer sometimes exceeding the 40 degrees
Celsius, and a cold winter reaching sub-zero
temperatures. The industry sector, ranking first in
energy demand with a 54% of the total energy
production, is integrated of 2,589 enterprises,
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being a 90% micro, small and mid-size
enterprises with 2,337 economic units [18, 25].
Even though Juarez City shows interest in green
energy production, it has few projects that have
been materialized in green energy, as shown in
Table 2 the types of green energy projects and its
maturity level.
Table 2. Juarez city green energy projects [18].
Green Energy
Installed Capacity
Technology Level
Biogas (landfill site)
6.4 MW
Maturity
Photovoltaic Solar Energy
221kW
Maturity
Photothermal Solar Energy
--
Maturity
Wind Energy
5kW
Maturity
Biofuel
--
Innovation
Alternative fuels*
--
Innovation
Hydroelectric
--
Maturity
Geothermal Energy
--
Maturity
*Alternative fuels from clothes, tires, organic solid waste, cellulose, cooking oil.
Several private and public organizations and institutions, as well as non-profit organizations and
universities are developing the projects mentioned above. This research presents opportunity and strength
in Juarez City for green energy adoption within the industry sector, because the initial research and
technology development are already in a maturity level [18].
3. Methodology
Because the production of green energy is from
naturally regenerating sources and not emit
greenhouse gases or compounds, decreases the
environmental impact, and because they are able
to apply to manufacturing operations [26], it is
pertinent the efforts in this sense. For this reason,
this article begins with the identification of green
energy indicators and their measurements
applying the PRISMA statement 2020. The data
obtained was screened using the Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology as
recommended by [19, 20]. In “Figure 1:
Literature review following PRISMA 2020
methodology” shows the flow diagram that
follows the criteria taken into account for better
reporting relevant records associated in the
literature review to identify green energy
indicators and their measurements.
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Figure 1. Literature review following PRISMA 2020 methodology.
The authors employed the PRISMA 2020
method to include and exclude records from
Science Direct, Scopus, EBSCO and Google
Scholar, and other methods through records from
organizations. For the literature survey, the
search terms “renewable energy factors” AND
“green energy” were applied, in a year range
from 2013 to 2023, initially obtaining 103
records by eliminating 11 duplicated records.
Then, the authors excluded records for not
meeting the criteria in the initial screening in
Title, Abstract and Keywords. In such a case, the
results were reduced to 44 records. Furthermore,
only articles, reviews and reports were chosen for
the current study, published in English-language
and those that had complete access to the entire
document, reducing the included records to 23.
From this point on, the articles were analyzed by
year of publication. In “Figure 2: Year base
publications of included records” shows that
2021 is the year where the largest number of
articles reviewed are focused on, followed by
2022 with 3 records and 2023 with 2 records.
This is an interesting observation taking into
account that the United Nations in 2015 adopted
the 2023 Agenda and its Sustainable
Development Goals. Enterprises are working
towards an industrial symbiosis where the
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substitution of fossil-fuel can be diminished little
by little to open way for green energy production and consumption, where products are being
reused or recycle [27].
Figure 2. Year base publications of included records.
Additionally, the records screened and reviewed were graphed by Journal publication. In “Figure 3:
Journal publication of included records” presents the Journal Sustainability as the journal with more
articles published in the renewable energy sector, with five records. Following, the journal Energies with
three records and last, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews with two articles.
Figure 3. Journal publications of included records.
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Mexico is one of the N-11 nations that have not
invested in green energy sectors, despite the
global efforts to decrease the environmental
problems caused by fossil-fuel energy [12]. In
the Sustainability journal, research presents
different in depths of green energy usage,
comprehension, and quantitative analysis, among
other. From a description of the importance of
R&D in green energy sources to the knowledge
and awareness of society in this matter [28, 29],
to invest in green energy factors such as
democratic ecological footprint, economic
growth, and environmental regulations, to have a
more efficient energy usage [2].
3.1 Green Energy Indicators and its
Measurements
Every transition towards green energy
consumption begins with the production of green
energy sources, emphasizing in green energy
policy, technology-push and market-pull [30]. As
described by [27], the industry sector has an
important goal to decrease CO2 emissions and
have a positive effect in climate change by
practicing measures towards usage efficiency in
materials and energy. Nevertheless, this sector
depends on a number of variables on the industry
sector such as geographical location, government
policy, technological and innovation source,
adaptation and resilience challenges, among
others [31–34]. On the other hand, adapting
sustainable practices towards green
manufacturing, enterprises seek benefits such as
reputation and brand image, consumers’
preference on green products and services, and a
positive change in economic performance [35,
36]. From the systematic review, six indicators
were identified (1) Technology and Innovation,
(2) Geographical Aspects, (3) Investment, (4)
Government Regulations, (5) Emissions, and (6)
Sustainable Practices as shown in Table 2. Each
indicator was related to their respective
measurements appropriate for creating and
adapting green energy in sustainable
manufacturing for SMEs.
Table 2. Green Indicators and their Measurements.
Indicator
Measurements
Scholars
Description
Technology &
Innovation
Technological
Development
[31, 32, 37–
39]
Technology applied for production processes; technology
maturity; efficient use of technology; technology R&D
Collaboration
Capacity
[6, 31, 40]
Intellectual Property on innovations; promote technology
transfer and cooperation; address competitiveness issues;
accelerate diffusion; coordination among Research Centers,
Universities and other enterprises
Geographical
Aspects
Soil
[17, 27, 34,
38]
Land requirement; environmental impact; resource availability
and use efficiency; total energy and source consumption
intensity; ground water pollution
Water
Energy
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Investment
Human Capital
[6, 31, 34, 40,
41]
Efficient use of skills and knowledge of human resources; invest
in new human resources; training in green energy usage and
resources
Energy Efficiency
[12, 27, 38,
39, 42, 43]
Energy intensity and final consumption; investments in
opportunity areas for renewable energy projects; enhancing
renewable energy deployment; share of green energy installed
capacity
Supply Chain
Connection
[32, 34, 40,
44]
Establishment on an industry chain; green energy industry
manpower; market development plans; accessibility and facility
simplicity; flexibility
Government
Regulations
Policy
[12, 32, 37,
41, 42, 44,
45]
Environmental regulations and policies; establishment and
diffusion in green energy practices; coordination with R&D
institutions; green certificates; green power purchase legislations
Incentive
Incentive measures; preferential purchase prices rates, financial
subsidies; Economic returns on green energy projects;
Facilitating green energy deployment; Risk investment green
energy analysis
Emissions
Indicators
[27, 32, 34,
37, 38, 41,
44–46]
Investment costs; ground, water and air pollution impacts;
energy consumption per unit of production; direct energy
consumption carbon, heat and electricity footprint; innovation
policy
Sustainable
Processes
Residual
[7, 12, 27, 33,
34, 37, 38,
40]
No use of hazardous materials or virgin material for products in
the production process; Production processes designed to avoid
waste
Reduce
Minor use of material per unit of production; Product design
with increased durability
Reuse
Reuse material in production; Use of waste as input material;
Resale of products with minimum defect, Unsold product on
inventory; Use discarded components and adapt them for other
functions
Repair
Repair and maintenance of products; Collect defective products
in centers (branches or points of sale) through the manufacturer
or a third-party company
Refurbish
Modular product design for ease of disassembly; Disassembly of
the overall product structure, checking, cleaning, and potentially
repairing components
Recycle
Recovering the product at the end of its useful life; Ensure the
use of recycled raw materials
Recover
Capture energy from residuals
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4. Results and discussions
As mentioned above, CO2 emissions have
increased due to the economic growth and
development. From the United Nations to the
International Energy Agency, organizations that
have developed programs, research and goals
such as the Sustainable Development Goals and
the Paris Agreement, have triggered awareness
and public concern in environmental issues,
specifically in SDG 7 for Affordable and Clean
Energy, the focus is in green sustainable business
practices. As explain by [47], a way to achieve
green economy is by changing business practices
with regulatory measurements, financial green
incentives, sustainable consumption, information
sharing, among other activities. SMEs play an
important role in each country’s economy. In
Mexico, they account for 99.7% of private
enterprises, and a 35.2% of national total gross
production [48]. As it is known, SMEs present
certain deficits when new challenges arise. Green
energy adoption within manufacturing processes,
SMEs have to establish a degree of flexibility and
resilience not just in establishing an industry
chain, technological indicators, upgrades in
machinery; but also, in human capital training or
new recruitment [46, 49].
This paper presented a systematic review by
applying PRISMA 2020 methodology to the
literature review with the objective of identifying
green energy indicators and their measurements.
This methodology has not been found applied in
the field of green energy literature. From an
initial screening in several databases, 103 articles
were identified and following the PRISMA 2020
diagram flow the resulted records included were
23. From these records, the resulted indicators
were six, such as (1) Technology and Innovation;
(2) Geographical Aspects; (3) Investment; (4)
Government Regulations; (5) Emissions; and, (6)
Sustainable Processes, each with their respective
measurements variables as shown in Figure 4.
The six indicators and their measurements show
a path towards SMEs transitioning to sustainable
manufacturing, to complement each step of the
value chain to reach reduction of waste and water
usage, lower heating and energy loads [22], [33],
[50]. The latter is to ease enterprises management
to develop green energy sustainable practices
within their manufacturing processes.
Figure 4. Green energy indicators and their measurements towards a Sustainable Manufacturing.
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4. Conclusions
SMEs are accounted for as pollution-intensive
because they account for an approximately 90%
of economic units, a 60% of employment and a
60% of value added [33]. Enterprises in the
industry sector are making efforts to achieve
sustainable manufacturing and mitigate
environmental pollution. However, these efforts
cannot provide effective results unless certain
metrics and sustainable practices are
implemented properly; this information is still
under development and is not available to
manufacturing plants. As [40] mentions, SMEs
can contribute successfully to the environmental
problems by replacing fossil-fuel consumption
with green energy consumption. By developing a
PRIMSA 2020 method, the authors identified 6
green energy indicators and 18 measurements to
mitigate SMEs’ challenges and barriers to
implement green energy within manufacturing
processes. From a process efficiency to waste
disposal and disruptive product design with reuse
of raw material and infrastructure efficiency,
SMEs can demonstrate that changes can be made
to reduce emissions. In this context, this research
probes the impacts and importance of indicators
on energy usage and emissions, and sustainable
practices through R’s techniques and by a
systematic literature review with the PRISMA
2020 from 2013 to 2023. The main contribution
in green energy adoption is towards SMEs
businesses; by delimiting entrepreneurs, six
indicators that can aid develop sustainable
practices within manufacturing processes. SMEs
can work in a sustainable manufacturing process
by taking into account strategic actions within the
six green energy indicators (1) Technology and
Innovation, (2) Geographical Aspects, (3)
Investments, (4) Government Regulations, (5)
Metric and Emissions, and (6) Sustainable
Processes. A collaboration between SMEs that
have a similar geographical position can create
opportunities in implementing sustainable
actions for a green energy transition to mitigate
CO2 emissions. For future research, an in-depth
analysis of structural equation model of the
indicators and their measurements should be
performed with a bigger sample in the Industry
and Commercial sector, taking into account
micro, small, mid-size and big enterprises.
5. Acknowledgement
This research received funding as part of the
main author’s scholarship given by the National
Council for Science and Technology.
6. Authorship acknowledgement
Georgina Elizabeth Riosvelasco-Monroy:
Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation;
formal analysis; Investigation; Resources; data
curation; Writing - review and editing; Display;
Supervision; Project administration; Fund
acquisition. Alicia Rojas-Ramírez:
Conceptualization, Writing - Original draft;
Methodology; Investigation. Salvador Noriega-
Morales: Conceptualization; Methodology;
Validation; Investigation; Supervision; Project
administration.
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