Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT). Volumen 3 (1): 10-22
Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT). Universidad Autónoma de Baja California ISSN 2594-1925
Volumen 6 (4): e290. Octubre-Diciembre. 2023. https://doi.org/10.37636/recit.v6n4e290
ISSN: 2594-1925
1
Research article
Management of public and fiscal policies for the energy
transition and sustainable development in Mexico
Gestión de políticas públicas y fiscales para la transición energética
y el desarrollo sustentable en México
María Eliazar Raygoza-Limón , Roxana Jiménez-Sánchez , Heriberto Orduño-Osuna , Abelardo Mercado-
Herrara , Fabian Natanael Murrieta-Rico
Universidad Politécnica de Baja California, Av Claridad, Plutarco Elías Calles, 21376 Mexicali, Baja California, México
Corresponding author: María E. Raygoza-L., Universidad Politécnica de Baja California, Av. Claridad, Plutarco Elías Calles, 21376
Mexicali, Baja California, México. E-mail: meryraygoza963@gmail.com. ORCID: 0009-0000-5969-6602.
Submitted: August 15, 2023 Accepted: October 1, 2023 Published: October 6, 2023
Abstract. - One of the biggest problems facing the population worldwide is global warming, mainly derived from the
anthropogenic footprint. The excessive increase in actions that impact the environment such as public transportation, the use
of fossil fuels, industry, etc., have unbalanced ecosystems. The measures and actions to mitigate the environmental impact have
not been enough, this has disturbed the United Nations Organization (UN), which has taken a series of international measures
such as the proposal of 17 objectives that help to safeguard different large social. Among the goals for 2030 is what is relevant
to "clean energy". To align with these strategies, Mexico must take concrete and efficient actions; these actions must be
established through the strict elaboration of public policies, which manage to integrate different scientific and technological
areas, with timely participation of the different actors involved. The proposal of this document is the integration of public
policies together with fiscal and energy policies that contribute to common objectives, through different actions such as energy
efficiencies and increasing the participation of renewable energies in the country's energy matrix. Mexico has currently stopped
some strategies planned in previous government periods, which have been stopping an energy transition that manages to
establish an optimal use of infrastructure and develop a plan that allows the diversification of the energy matrix with the
incorporation of renewable energy sources to reduce the use of fossil fuels, which have a share of more than 70% causing
various damages to the environment and health. The execution of the proposed strategy required the integration and
commitment of the different actors involved, due to the complex nature of the public policy formulation process, the authors
propose working with a quality regulatory framework and monitoring the different governmental changes in the country.
Keywords: Energy transition; Sustainable development; Energy; Public politics; Tax policies; Renewable energy; Energy indicators; Energy matrix
Resumen. - Una de las mayores problemáticas que enfrenta la población a nivel mundial es el calentamiento global, derivado
principalmente de la huella antropogénica. El aumento desmedido de las acciones que impactan al medio ambiente como el
transporte público, el uso de combustibles fósiles, la industria, etc., han desequilibrado los ecosistemas. Las medidas y
acciones para mitigar el impacto ambiental no han sido suficientes, esto ha inquietado a la Organización de las Naciones
Unidas (ONU), que ha tomado una serie de medidas de carácter internacional como la propuesta de 17 objetivos que ayuden
a salvaguardad diferentes ámbitos sociales. Entre las metas para el 2030, esta lo pertinente a “energía no contaminante”.
México para alinearse a estas estrategias debe tomar acciones concretas y eficientes, estas acciones deben establecerse por
medio de la elaboración de políticas públicas estrictas, que logren integrar diferentes áreas científicas y tecnológicas, con una
participación oportuna de los diferentes actores involucrados. La propuesta de este documento es la integración de las
políticas públicas en conjunto con políticas fiscales y energéticas que coadyuven entre ellas hacia objetivos en común,
mediante diferentes acciones como eficiencia energética y aumento de la participación de las energías renovables en la matriz
energética del país. México actualmente ha detenido algunas estrategias planeadas en periodos gubernamentales anteriores,
que han venido deteniendo una transición energética que logre establecer un óptimo uso de infraestructura, y desarrollar una
planeación que permita la diversificación de la matriz energética con la incorporación de fuentes renovables de energía para
reducir el uso de combustibles fósiles, que tienen una participación de más del 70%, provocando diversos daños al medio
ambiente y a la salud. La ejecución de la estrategia propuesta requeriría la integración y compromiso de los diferentes actores
involucrados, por la naturaleza compleja del proceso de formulación de las políticas públicas, los autores proponen trabajar
con un marco regulatorio de calidad y con seguimiento entre los diferentes cambios gubernamentales en el país.
Palabras clave: Transición energética; Energía; Desarrollo sustentable; Políticas públicas; Políticas fiscales; Energías renovables; Indicadores energéticos;
Matriz energética.
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1. Introduction
Currently, Mexico continues with a lag in the
energy transition and sustainable development,
the energy matrix has more than 70% of
conventional energy generation for the country's
electricity consumption [1]. The insufficient
incorporation of alternative sources of energy,
and the use of conventional energies in
developing countries, contributes to greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions, leading to an increase in
pollution rates that cause global warming, a of
the world's biggest problems.
The objective of this document is to propose
strategies that integrate public and fiscal policies
for economic and sustainable development,
which allow promoting actions, and
promulgation of laws that agree to link various
economic sectors for the achievement of energy
prospects that allow an efficient energy transition
for reducing the ecological and carbon footprint.
The Energy Sector Prospects issued by the
Ministry of Energy, have defined ambitious
objectives for the diversification of the energy
matrix, with a high increase in the percentages in
the incorporation of renewable energies in
Mexico, this agenda has not been achieved in
previous periods.
Taking as background the 17 goals for
sustainable development agreed by the UN, for
the 2030 sustainable development agenda,
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 is the
most relevant in terms of energy transition, with
the theme of "Accessible and non-polluting
energy". Mexico must generate plans where the
guidelines of its internal programs are adjusted to
international indicators.
The scope of this research, as mentioned, focuses
on SDG-7, whose goal is to guarantee universal
access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy
services [2-6]. In sustainable development and
the taking of measures for energy stability should
not be considered separated from economic
development to achieve the objectives involving
different economic sectors through the
integration of smart policies, with execution and
monitoring in a governmental regulatory
framework.
In Mexico, the study of fiscal sustainability
should be placed as a central issue on the public
finance agenda, balancing it together with public
policy actions [7], allocating funds to R&D
projects (Research, Development, and
Innovation), for a technological development
comparable to the increase in energy
consumption, which contributes to energy
efficiency and renewable technologies. The
planning of guidelines for the economic
transition and sustainable development must be
regulated under a comprehensive framework of
fiscal, economic, energy, and environmental
policies substantially, developed in conjunction
with the economic sectors and non-governmental
organizations that foster an environment of fiscal
stimuli for the social and technological
development regulating the environmental
implications to mitigate the ecological impact.
This document is made up of an analysis of the
different integration policies and strategies that
promote a government framework based on
fiscal stimuli that promote the country's energy
transition, with an energy efficiency scheme and
use of renewable energy, along with
technological development. and socioeconomic.
2. Background
One of the weaknesses detected in the
development of this document regarding the
bibliography of public policies in the process of
research and analysis of different sources of
information is what refers to the argument of the
integration of public policies with the different
branches of knowledge, that are transcendental
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for the efficient execution and follow-up of these
policies. Different authors have initiated research
on this subject, but it is still necessary to develop
research that contributes as a study framework
for the methodology and management of
integrating public policies. Likewise, it is
imperative that there be proper execution and
monitoring by government agencies in relation to
the integration of public policies, with joint
actions from the stage of the country's
development plan carried out by the government.
Public policies as a subject of analysis and
reflection must consider the different branches of
knowledge from sociological studies to scientific
and technological ones, with contemporary
issues applied in governance, with action
programs involving collective benefits for social
benefit [8]. Public policies can be defined as an
integrating process of decisions, actions,
inactions, agreements, advancing by government
authorities, the eventual participation of
individuals, aimed at solving or preventing a
situation defined as problematic [9]. The
analytical frameworks for the study and public
policies must be based on critical junctures such
as institutional actions and other mechanisms,
due to the geopolitical situation of the country,
the integration of policies must be based on a
global perspective, with the pertinent
environmental implications, the genesis of said
public policies aimed at concrete actions for
sustainable development, with a focus on being
regulatory policies to achieve the established
objectives. The idea that public policies have
marked the development of the field in the region
and the way of thinking about public action in our
latitudes, as a method of directing the
development and planning of government
programs, these policies have a systematic notion
(cycle of public policies), which establishes
chronological and successive stages, with the
idea of following up on problems of a social
nature, called "problematization", which is the
entry into the agenda, the discussion and
formulation of alternatives, the decision set in
motion by government agencies, and finally the
evaluation with its feedback with the social
system [10].
Regarding energy policies to take the path
towards SDG-7, Mexico must promote the broad
energy potential for the development of
renewable projects. The energy reform was a
provision of Mexico as the key measure to
comply with the commitments in terms of
emission reduction at the national and
international level, one of its limitations was that
it does not guarantee energy security, in addition
to not having been aligned with the guidelines to
promote renewable energy [11], to migrate to low
carbon power generation strategies.
Strategies within public policies for low carbon
must link to fiscal policies as a tool that helps
guarantee the energy transition. Fiscal policy can
be defined as the range of tax and spending
decisions by the authorities that have important
repercussions on all aspects of development. For
the purposes of this document, the interest of
these policies should focus on sustainable,
environmental, and socioeconomic matters.
Economic growth can support sustainability from
an environmental point of view, and reciprocally
an implementation of renewable projects with a
perspective of the energy transition that entail
impacts on health and quality of life, without
diverting the vision of socioeconomic
development. Fiscal policy can also affect
economic growth through the effects it has on the
incentives of individuals and companies. These
policies implemented in the planning of an
agenda for the incorporation of renewable
energies would favor its promotion with
guidelines for stimuli and tax penalties. Thus,
leading to sustainable development, for example,
energy subsidies, most countries grant explicit or
implicit subsidies to coal, electricity, oil (mainly
in crude oil exporting countries), gas, and nuclear
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energy [3]. However, the use of energy
contributes to many of the most serious
environmental problems on the planet, such as
overheating of the planet, a product of the
greenhouse effect, and damage to property,
forests, livestock, and aquatic life because of acid
rain, dust, soot, tar, and health problems, mainly
of a respiratory nature.
Developed countries use fiscal policy to play an
important role in helping to ensure that the use of
natural resources is sustainable, and that the
environment is protected. In the public budget,
taxes are applied that can be directed to guarantee
that prices reflect the true social cost of
producing goods and services, as well as exert a
positive influence on the environment, through
the efficient use of natural resources. Fiscal
policy is an important factor that determines
whether or not environmentally and socially
sustainable economic growth is possible,
affecting incentives for the economy and
production processes to be aligned with
ecological balance, and supporting low carbon
tax measures. [12].
Fiscal policies have an impact on economic
policies, being considered as terms generally
designated to the application of certain measures
carried out by the authorities to achieve certain
ends. Economic policy, as "praxis", has been
defined in different ways, the usual comparisons
between the definitions used are the affirmation
that they are the results of decisions of authority
such as the government, they are also the results
of political ideologies and other government
strategies,” J. Tinbergen affirmed in his day that
“economic policy consists of the deliberate
variation of the means to achieve certain
objectives”. Referring to different instruments,
measures, and actions to face ends and conflicts
to obtain results, other terms also designate the
treatment and scientific analysis of the actions
carried out by governments and other
institutions. In the first sense, economic policy is
conceived from the point of view of praxis, while
in the second it is considered from a scientific-
analytical perspective. These measures have
adopted different actions over time, where
currently they seek to consider statistical data
analysis for decision making, this definition
arises as a socioeconomic framework, where
fiscal instruments and measures can be placed as
an implicit measure for an efficient transition
energy that is reflected in economic policies.
D. S. Watson argued that it is not pertinent to
speak of public policy separated from the set of
different policies (social policies, economic
policies, energy, etc.), developed by
governments, which are indisputably interrelated
among themselves [13].
As previously mentioned, policies must establish
a complementary path. At the geopolitical
moment in Mexico, which has initiated strategies
for the energy transition and development of
Renewable Energy projects, there have been
setbacks, such as the case of the energy reform
issued in the year 2014, as well as the various
actions that were contemplated for its execution,
such as the case of the Clean Energy Certificates
(CER), as stimuli to clean energy, having defined
that it did not contain requirements for a growth
in the percentage of participation of renewable
energies in the country's energy matrix, it opened
the way for private projects developed by foreign
investment. Likewise, it is consistent to mention
"Grid Code" as a strategy that establishes the
minimum technical requirements for the efficient
development of the electrical infrastructure
processes, starting from the Planning phase until
the use of this infrastructure, which has remained
detained for a lack of follow-up from the current
government.
Fiscal policies are useful tools for economic
stabilization, with the integration of other
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policies and other government measures of
financial regulation, in this case, prices and costs
of energy production and budgetary expenses
directed R&D projects were correlated. with
socioeconomic growth in addition to
strengthening the energy transition [14-16]. The
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development), analyzed the impact of fiscal
policy instruments on economic growth and
social development, found that fiscal stimuli and
adjustments were effective for economic growth.
He stressed that the main ones are to reduce the
volatility of the main economic parameters, the
interconnections of economic growth and
government regulation with different phases of
interconnections were investigated [17].
The instruments of public policies applied with
objectives for the energy transition can serve as
support towards the achievement of the
objectives established in the planning of SDG-7
of sustainable development. As mentioned,
public policies must be integrated to optimize the
achievement of objectives and implement better
actions, aligning common goals. For the analysis
of the problem presented above where the slow
energy transition in Mexico is referenced, little
citizen participation and the various economic
sectors are glimpsed for the genesis of public
policies.
This document considering other authors who
propose the integration of public policies with
different branches of research, proposes that
strategy, integrating public policies, fiscal
policies, and energy policies. An optimal
planning of the objectives, linked to intelligent
actions, and the participation of the actors
involved in a relevant way, can facilitate the
energy transition, without neglecting to consider
the difficulty that the proposal implies due to the
complex nature of public policies. Figure 1.
shows the diagram of the general process for the
elaboration of public policies.
Figure 1. Cycle of public policies, exemplifying the energy transition
Energy policies must examine the current
situation facing the country, to explore future
solutions, and avoid a possible energy crisis,
which affects multiple areas of the national
economy, due to this problem it is necessary to
carry out an energy transition that gives greater
guarantee, aligning to the national objectives of
security, equality and sustainability, in energy
matters and for it; developing an institutional
framework that reorganizes the electricity
industry. The governments of different countries
have engaged in the development of regulations
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and related policies to promote environmentally
friendly renewable energy, generation together
with conservation strategies and technological
innovations. It is important to develop energy
policies that provide relevant and appropriate
policy recommendations for end users.
Projects with renewable energy sources have not
filled the gap, they have managed to have a
notorious participation in the country's energy
matrix [18]. Its development may be secondary
to a possible energy crisis.
Due to the trend of energy consumption in
Mexico that has been due to the dynamics and
structure of the national economy and the
growing demand for energy services, it should be
considered that it could arise from the accelerated
growth that is not equivalent between national
energy consumption and the economic activity,
due to the current population growth. Mexico
requires establishing public policies in terms of
population density per area, since it is different in
each federal entity, and analyzing the energy
systems of the federal entities, and the energy
distribution system, because cities have greater
demand. energy for transport, buildings,
industries, and public services.
In the European Union, the core of European
energy policy is made up of a series of measures
aimed at achieving an integrated energy market,
security, energy supply, and sustainability of the
energy sector, with actions such as:
Guarantee the operation of a fully integrated
internal energy market, fostering the flow of
energy through adequate infrastructure and
without technical or regulatory barriers.
Improve energy efficiency and reduce
dependence on energy imports, reduce emissions
and boost employment and growth.
Promote research in clean energy
technologies with low carbon emissions and
prioritize research.
Options to mitigate high energy prices [19].
Figure 2. Main actors involved in the development of
public policies.
The area of energy is one of the key areas for
sustainable development and also tends to
achieve important advances, using available
resources and technologies, are energy policies,
initiate a path towards technological change to
achieve objectives that include guaranteeing the
supply of energy, limit pollution, environmental,
minimize climate change, replace fossil sources
with renewable sources, etc. With balanced
actions in social, economic, and environmental
aspects to achieve sustainable development.
Sustainable Energy Policy Framework must be at
the global forefront in actions against climate
change, with "green agreements" that provide
possible solutions to the sudden climate crisis,
with guidelines for a comprehensive energy
policy framework that encompasses climate,
energy and environmental, industrial, economic
and social environments in different settings,
with sustainable investment, and "green" tariff
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agreements enacted with fiscal policies and
industrial policies. “A paradigm shifts from the
fossil fuel economy to “zero carbon” is required
in a way that is socially and politically viable”
[20].
The coordination of fiscal and economic, energy
policies must focus on increasing public welfare
and maintaining macroeconomic stability in the
long term, the integration of combined policies
and aligning their actions and tools from
planning must have common objectives and
guidelines and must ensure a comprehensive mix
of target conditions such as inflation and energy
stability.
3. Methodology
Public policies are considered a subject of
reflection for an extensive academic population
as a discipline where different areas of
knowledge such as law, politics, sociology,
scientific-technological areas, etc., should be
involved, with a contemporary theme that applies
to the governance, in a social and democratic
State of law like the Colombian one, which
implements action programs for the benefit of the
collective, in order to improve situations of
poverty and violence that affect modern society.
The figure 2 shows the intervention of the
government, the private sector, and civil society,
for the elaboration of public policies.
The efforts of developing countries like Mexico
to achieve sustainable and low-carbon
development must be aligned with guidelines
that seek the sustainability of public finances and
attention to the needs of investment in well-
being, investment and sustainability,
environment, integrating low-carbon guidelines,
as well as the efficient administration of these
policies, a greater scope of the percentages of the
objectives at the national level should be
envisioned from the perspective of the
requirements of civil society for a changing
culture that encompasses the entire society,
public and private institutions, and the
government, managing to execute the pertinent
measures and the creation of future laws that
require sustainable practices, where each of the
actors involved paralyzes in a committed and
responsible manner [21]. Especially the
government and citizens will have to 'get
involved' in the governance process, sustainable
politics would have to be a collectivist policy,
obliged to take care of the global commons,
through practices and actions that move the
country towards an energy transition, benefiting
the everyone's economy without affecting the
ecosystem [22]. Figure 3 shows the entries of the
main policies that are suggested to interact \with
the energy transition.
Figure 3. Interaction of public policies for the energy transition
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To promote sustainability in terms of SDG-7,
coordination, and integration of policies in the
technological, fiscal, industrial, and financial,
under schemes of regulatory measures.
The incorporation of strategies for the integration
and alignment of the different economic sectors
with an efficient link with non-governmental
organizations, society and the government for the
promulgation of public and fiscal policies; the
development of plans and goals aligned to
programs that promote strategic management for
the use of public and private economic resources
for the development of sustainable projects and
the application of renewable technologies, which
have a positive impact on reducing the carbon
footprint and ecology, for the energy transition
and sustainable development.
The integration of public policies, in countries
like the United States of America, is an emerging
paradigm and is at the center of the energy
debate, it adopts a holistic vision of the
electricity, gas, and heating sectors to offer a
clean energy system, reliable and affordable.
Through the use of synergies within and between
sectors. These policies should aim to increase
flexibility in the energy system, maximize the
integration of renewable energy and distributed
generation, reduce environmental impact, with a
technical perspective, and focus on economic,
regulatory, and political dimensions [23, 24]. In
Europe, public policy integration, also called
sectoral coupling, is recognized as a strategic
means to make Europe the first climate-neutral
continent by 2050 in the new European Green
Deal [25]. The systems, sustainable actions that
allow the energy transition, and sustainable
development are considered possible solutions to
the problems of energy security, climate change,
urban air quality, and public health.
The actions carried out within the elaboration of
public policies must be addressed under a
systemic approach, which integrates all the
components, relating them and incorporating
them for their analysis and sustainability. The
adoption, evaluation, and integration process that
occurs in the different public policy scenarios
and its integration with other scientific
disciplines and involvement with different
actors, must be addressed as a process of
dynamic behavior due to their nature [26].
3.1 Process of design and implementation
of public policies for the energy transition
As referenced in the theoretical framework of
this work, all policies must start from a problem
or public need, in the specific case of this analysis
they must promote an integration of energy and
fiscal policies for the energy transition.
This phase can be considered as a pre-design
stage since the need will be analyzed and defined
in greater depth in the diagnosis stage.
The identification of problems and needs can be
done through different mechanisms, through the
involvement of all the actors involved, including
citizen consultation, according to many authors
who analyze the behavior of public policies, the
participation of the public is substantial. civil
society to increase the possibility of success of
public policies, other instruments are the analysis
of historical data, the evaluation of the economic,
social, and environmental conditions of a
territory, as well as a comparison of international
political systems that meant a case of success in
solving similar problems.
Public policy gurus always extend the great
complexity of this topic, and the detection of
different needs and sub-problems during the
different stages of the design, execution, and
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monitoring-evaluation process, and each strategy
and action must have instruments diverse as the
budgets.
An extended way to analyze the process of the
previous diagram is according to the following
point:
The definition of the problem or need
The formation of the agenda
Construction of alternatives
Decision making
The policy implementation process
Implementation as a problem
Studies on the implementation process
The perspectives for the analysis of the
implementation
Monitoring
The evaluation
Analyzing the previous points, the energy
transition tending slopes where technological
projects are required, and from an innovation
approach in government management, it is
important to emphasize that the principles of
design thinking or "design thinking" also apply
to the design of public policies, since this
approach is focused precisely on solving human
needs, also throughout the evolution of the
process with the approaches around the
evaluation.
The public policy process should be the path
toward the energy transition and emerge from
analytical frameworks that focus on analyzing
the critical junctures of institutional
arrangements and feedback mechanisms that
affect change and integration with fiscal policies
[27, 28].
The development of integrated public and fiscal
policies can allow the exploration and potential
of the various mechanisms and instruments that
have not yet been used in the country to be
strengthened, with the integration of fiscal policy
and public policies for the energy transition.
Examples of some instruments used in other
countries:
Renewable energy payment contracts or Feed
in Tariff (FiT), for its acronym in English, offer
contracts to generators of renewable energy,
generally based on the cost of generation of each
technology.
Quotas and certificates, are the minimum
renewable generation quotas, can be
implemented through the well-known
“Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS),
mechanisms that encourage and sometimes force
power generators to produce a specific fraction
of electricity through renewable energy.
Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO, for its
acronym in English) is understood as the
obligation to purchase renewable energy. This
instrument obliges all electricity distribution
concessionaires to purchase or produce a certain
minimum percentage to cover their needs from
renewable energy sources.
Both net metering and net billing are mechanisms
by which grid-connected renewable electricity
generators can be fully or partially compensated
for their electricity consumption.
Financial and tax incentives encourage
investments in renewable energy, financial
incentives can be created. A financial incentive
to promote renewable energy should provide
monetary benefits to support the development
and use of these energies.
The Energy Attribute Certificates (EAC),
which can be understood as “contractual
instruments” that indicate the source from which
the energy comes.
REC (Renewable Energy Certificates).
Green labels to increase the incentives for the
electric generator to invest in renewable energies.
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Tax incentives and penalties for efficient
energy use (green bonds, clean energy
certificates).
These mechanisms constrain and encourage
energy generators and users to take measures on
the consumption of renewable energy, as well as
price regulation (Price Policy) and tax for the
promotion of alternative energy, because said
rates and Smart applications can induce an
increase in demand for renewable energy
generation by collaborating with consumers and
strengthening the participation of the industrial
sector as one of the largest energy consumers,
and contributing to the energy transition [29].
The proposal of the work is to propose the
development of a model that manages the actions
of the actors involved "stakeholder" and allows
the coordination of the instruments of the various
policies under a comprehensive model that
contributes to solving the problem of the energy
transition.
This paper argues for the development of fiscal
instruments under a policy model that focuses
and directs the energy transition in an optimal
way with actions by the authorities interacting for
the benefit of consumers, that is, a model that
allows coordinating the management of the
instruments. fiscal policy and public policy [30],
and regulate the price of electrical energy, with
incentives and subsidies for renewable energies,
so that each of the consumption sectors
significantly influences the amount and rate of
growth of consumption of electricity. alternate
sources of energy.
In the case of Mexico, the Head of the Secretariat
of Energy (SENER) mentioned that the energy
transformation has begun. On the other hand, the
SENER secretary indicated that this financial
capital can now enter the country as private
investment and favor the State with considerable
income from oil tenders and the prices obtained
in clean energy electricity auctions. Figure 4
shows an interaction model of public policies,
with fiscal policies as those in charge of
developing fiscal proposals for the investment of
R&D projects, as well as with energy policies for
the development of actions that encourage the
actors involved in sustainable development in
Mexico. Figure 4 shows an integrated policy
diagram with some actions and strategies, linked
to all stakeholders in conjunction with R&D
projects for the energy transition and sustainable
development.
Figure 4. Policy interaction diagram with stakeholder and R&D projects for the energy transition
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4. Results and discussion
In the analysis for the preparation of this
document, some of the international experiences
were reviewed, finding that the impacts of
implementing this type of policy would respond
to other benefits associated with renewable
energy and energy efficiency technologies such
as R&D projects [31], under the financial
resources obtained by subsidies, grants, tax
incentives, or other fiscal instruments that
promote and finance the development of these
projects in research centers, in the same way
reduce the subsidy to electricity rates.
The implementation of the integration of fiscal
and public policies to transition to electricity
generation with non-polluting technologies could
arise under different factors. In the case of
Mexico, proposing a financial scheme that
encourages the generation of electrical energy
with clean technologies would not only respond
to the objectives of reducing polluting gases and
GHG that the Law for the Use of Renewable
Energies and the Financing of the Energy
transition.
Promoting electricity generation technologies
using renewable resources also helps to mitigate
the financial risk that the electricity subsidy
generates for the stability of the country's public
finances.
For a period, public and fiscal policies have
developed in advanced economies and
contributed to the energy transition. The practical
experience confirmed the reasonableness of the
convergence of these scientific concepts in a
close interaction between public and fiscal
policy. Well-coordinated regulatory measures,
combined with a quality of institutions, would
increase the efficiency of the energy transition.
The inconsistency of those policies leads to
significant destructive environmental and
economic consequences.
This comprehensive model proposed where the
investment of the different public and private
actors is proposed that allows obtaining
analytical solutions and giving greater balance to
the country's energy system with an intelligent
use of various sustainable strategies and
instruments, can help to give results in the energy
problem current. An energy policy with political
disciplines and quality tax management can
speed up the energy transition and sustainable
development.
Energy policy must minimize dependence on
fossil fuels, it is essential to design an energy
policy that substantially impacts the value of the
industrial sector, a more accurate diagnosis of
hydrocarbon inventories and renewable energy
potential is required, linked to the construction of
a political consensus with a condition that
enables the implementation of the programs it
contains through the different six-year periods,
involve private sector actors, reinforcing the
regulatory framework of the industrial sector, in
parallel, attend from the angle of sustainable
development and economic growth.
Policy coordination is the key prerequisite for the
energy transition, sustainable economic growth,
and social development, which are practically
unattainable without aligned policies and proper
fiscal regulation. In the long term, fiscal policy
must ensure a comprehensive mix of inflation-
targeting conditions and the adaptive use of tools
to achieve the energy transition.
5. Conclusions
The coordination of fiscal and energy policy
should focus on increasing public welfare and
maintaining long-term macroeconomic stability,
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with theoretical and methodological bases for the
formation of different policies, to ensure
sustainable economic development. It is
advisable to create actions and measures for the
budget and public spending in a balanced way,
with functional structures, and continue the
guideline of the possible results of the integration
of the various policies, which may have resulted
in the behavior of the GDP.
For the development of this proposal, a common
effort must be made by all the actors involved,
mainly to achieve quality governance in Mexico,
the policy integration methodology has been
used in countries with successfully developed
economies. The contributions of many authors
agree that the processes and achievements of
objectives cannot be obtained in isolation in
public policy issues. In future research, analysis
of the processes can be carried out to raise the
awareness of those involved, mainly civil
society, as part of the energy user and directly
affected by the externalities caused by the low
quality of energy and the impact on the
environment that it causes. a negative
environmental impact, global warming, and
damage to health from the use of conventional
energy.
6. Authorship acknowledgment
Maria Eliazar Raygoza Limón:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal
analysis, Research, Resources, Original draft,
Visualization. Roxana Jiménez Sánchez:
Research, Review and Editing. Jesús Heriberto
Orduño Osuna: Review. Abelardo Mercado
Herrera: Review. Fabian Natanael Murrieta
Rico: Review and Editing, Supervision.
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